Download physics part 1 tutorial pdf

Some of the Chapter Outlines, which appear right at the beginning of each chapter, spill over to the next page see, for example, chapters 2, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13 , which makes it difficult to take in the content of a chapter at a glance surely one purpose of these outlines?

Couldn't the pictures which appear above these outlines be cropped accordingly? They add colour but have limited information content. Many of the worked examples in the text are spread over more than one page. It would possibly be an improvement if the glossaries appeared at the beginnings of chapters, immediately after the outline and before the text starts. Then readers can gauge if they are already familiar with the key concepts to be introduced in the chapter, and the authors would be less constrained in their prose by the need to carefully introduce terminology before they use it.

I am sure that the authors have been careful to eliminate as many grammatical errors as humanly possible. Nevertheless, there is one that has escaped their attention which appears at a rather prominent place in the text. College Physics deals with the fruits of the scientific method. As such, the book should be and is culturally neutral. The illustrations which accompany the text do not display a predilection for any gender, ethnicity or race.

I would like to congratulate the authors on their selfless achievement. I hope that they will be able to summon up the motivation to continue the never-ending task of improving upon their already useful pedagogic tool.

This book is an excellent comprehensive text for a level algebra-based physics course. It explains all relevant physics concepts in a clear and consistent manner. The authors provide many biological and medical examples which makes it an ideal textbook for pre-med and bio-oriented students. In most level physics courses the majority of students are interested in pursuing a medical career. Using this book as a course textbook will most likely motivate many pre-med and biology students to be more interested in understanding the basic concepts of physics.

Each chapter has its own glossary of terms which makes it easier for students to read the chapter before attending a lecture. End of chapter problems include integrated concept and unreasonable results problems.

For the instructor a manual is provided which contains both problems and solutions. This makes it easy to integrate examples into a lecture. More than 4, end-of chapter problems are available in WebAssign, an affordable online homework system. A student solutions manual is also available. The book has very good appendices and is equivalent to other college physics text books.

In general, the contents can be considered accurate and unbiased. These topics have nothing to do with medical applications of nuclear physics; therefore the title is not accurate.

The concepts described in the book will not change. Applications as well as links to external websites will need to be updated and kept current. Concepts are explained in a logical and consistent manner.

All relevant terms are defined briefly in the glossary at the end of each chapter. The text contains many examples. Solutions to problems are well explained and follow a coherent step-by-step approach throughout the book. The book is well written and easy to read. Each chapter is divided into several sections. The modular version of the web view of the book allows to re-organize the chapters, create new modules, and add images.

This is only possible on the legacy site of Connexions. A PDF file of each chapter can also be created. Unfortunately, this has not yet been implemented for the new online version of the book at the time of this review.

The book follows the traditional approach used in most college physics text books. The topics are presented in a logical and clear fashion. Each chapter starts with the learning objectives followed by an introduction to the basic concepts with examples, and ends with applications.

The user interface with the browser version of the book is easy to navigate and well designed. The font is sans serif and very small. This is not a problem, if the user reads the book online or downloads the PDF file and reads it on a computer screen. All browsers and Acrobat Reader offer the possibility to zoom in on the text. However, the printed version of the book is difficult to read. As this is a physics text book, the text is culturally unbiased. Images are inclusive of different ethnicities and show a mix of gender.

I highly recommend OpenStax's College Physics book to all instructors of introductory physics courses. I will use it in my summer courses.

The book seems accurate with given information, but sometimes the information is incomplete. For example, the fundamental SI units are not all listed at the beginning. With ease of making improvements, the book can last forever. Being an OER, constant changes would bring this text to life with current events and relevance to student lives. For example, in calculating uncertainties in the first chapter, I would have spent more time talking about how adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing values with uncertainties can affect the uncertainties of the answers.

The organization of the table of contents and thus, the chapters seems well done. I realize the pedagogical methods of the text values discoverybringing up concepts as they are neededversus topic-based organizationproviding all mathematical information at the beginning and using them throughout the book.

I think that has more weight of acceptance today. Also, as a small side issue, the solutions for each HW problem are given nearer to the next HW problem, which could be confusing to some. I think the HW problems are great assets to the text. Props for that great idea! The coverage in the book is similar to others such as Cutnell Physics or Knight. The chapter topics and order are virtually the same.

I found the index to be more straightforward and organized in a way that "'students would think" to find I found the index to be more straightforward and organized in a way that "'students would think" to find information in the text. The human body application problems are very good, particularly the torque problems in Chapter 9 There should be a handy reference for math and trigonometric identities in the Appendix.

My students use them frequently. The information that I was able to review in most detail from Chapters 1 - 28 which our main coverages, was surprisingly accurate. No major errors were noticed.

There are a good number of typos though throughout. The eariy chapters were spot on. Chapters 18 - 24 could use a little tuning up as the chapters seem disconnected in reading. The Electricity and Magnetism chapters will probably need changes sooner than later. The hard drive example in a few years will probably be as useful as a vinyl record example. Some eariler introduction of solid state examples may be prudent.

The reading level is uneven throughout the text, but reads at a level that should be in the community college students' comfort zone. Some textbooks seam to read as if they were written by PhDs for PhDs. This book was a good read for students that are transitioning from developmental courses.

The structure of the text is fairly consistent with the usage of terms, examples, chapter and subchapter heading and divisions. Again, this text falls in line with similar texts and there are always different ways to structure the material.

The separation of fulid mechanics into statics and dynamics with applications is a good touch. There is an unevenness in the text after Fluids, but that seems typical of all of the trig-based level texts. The flow of the book is no better or worse that any other book on the market. No one has published a text yet that doesn't turn into a selected topics in Physics after fluids. The question I always have from students in the later chapters is how does this relate to the earlier chapters.

The linking and navigation components function fine in TOC and index as do the links to the figure within the chapters and the topic links in the examples.

Some linking feature should be left out of the PDF. For example, the use of links to previous chapters in problem examples without a way to get back to what you were reading can be a bit annoying especially if you weren't keeping track of the page or example you were looking at. I was surprised at the how well this book comparer to what we are currently using. I plan to recommend a pilot of this text in the upcoming spring semester.

Since, it is a good equivalent, the price is an advantage. The contents of this book are complete, and it is done in an orderly manner. The chapter titles are easily matched to the contents of the chapters. At the back of the book there is a glossary, but no index except for the electronic index.

Finding material presented in one section, then used in problems later can be handled with the search feature which is called index. The content is accurate. The book is well thought out and care has been taken in working the examples. There is no bias in the material. The book does not use names in the problems, since the problems are based on objects, such as electrons. Therefore, the book is cultural and gender neutral. This is typical of a physics book.

Most of physics is constant over time, so being up to date is not an issue. The physics of fifty years ago is still valid. As time goes on we are continuing to add to the base of knowledge, and these current advances are usually placed in the later chapters.

This book is rich in up to date material in those later chapters. As to soon being obsolete, that is not likely.

As more is learned from physics, some, but not much, can be added at this level. And such additions can be done easily, often by adding a late chapter or two, or adding to an existing chapter.

Since the later material is not gotten to in most classes, whether additions are made in the future or not will not impact the usability of the book.

The book in extremely clear. The book is written with material of a section focusing on a single topic, or a few related topics, and the work is easily understood without clouding the material with too many new concepts.

The wording is such that a college student should understand the book by reading, and the technical words needed to understand the material are adequately defined. The book maintains the same style throughout, and the terms used in one section do not vary when used in a future section.

The sections are comparable in length, and all sections have a narrow focus. Chapters combine appropriate sections in the proper order. The text is essentially modular, in that each section contains a small bit of information with subsections properly labeled within them. However, there is a need for former material, so jumping about or skipping material can be a difficulty. This is actually a positive in physics, since compound problems bringing multiple concepts together is the proper level and approach for a course taught using this material.

In physics there is a natural flow of material, and this book follows such a flow. At times there are two topics that can interact with each other.

One must be presented first, and the second tie things together. This book follows the standard flow of material that works well in physics, and material is properly tied together.. The interface is for the most part well handled. However, the text used interactives and videos. The videos are long, and likely to be abandoned by students. The interactives are not easily used. Aside fro the videos and interactives, the interfacing of material within the book is fine.

The grammar is excellent, and the word choices are such that a freshman college student should not struggle. The book has been well edited for grammatical issues, and is devoid of errors, including punctuation.

Since the examples and exercises do not involve people, names and settings that might cause cultural issues are avoided. The book essentially has avoiding this issue by referring to objects, not people. The book is well written, and viable for a course. There is no end of chapter material, so this would be a minor flaw, however the questions can be assigned as a group after the chapter is completed.

At 34 chapters and words, this introductory textbook covers a myriad of topics. While obviously not a text intended to read cover-to-cover, the depth and breadth of content allows an instructor to choose the topics most appropriate for their While obviously not a text intended to read cover-to-cover, the depth and breadth of content allows an instructor to choose the topics most appropriate for their course outline.

The index and glossary are appropriate and error free. To-date, I have not noticed any errors aside from a rare typo and find the content to be diverse and unbiased. The content should maintain it's relevance for years to come I find this to be true of most introductory physics texts I have reviewed. The examples and explanations of basic concepts can become wordy at time but overall, the language is approachable for students.

For my hybrid courses, I often divide the sections up to match video explanations and have found this to be consistently easy. The organization and structure match what I have come to expect from other introductory textbooks. The structure is coherent, the examples are effective, and the links to outside materials are useful. I have not encountered any issues with compatibility- especially considering the various formats available.

This being said, I have personally used the text and supporting materials on Apple devices. Aside from it's preference towards American audiences, the text appears to be culturally non-biased. I plan to continue using this text in the near future and hope to see it more widely adopted by neighboring institutions. I am impressed with both the textbook and supplemental content available through Openstax. This book has an exhaustive list of all introductory physics topics.

It has pretty much everything i need and then some! This is an introductory physics book. The content here is not expected to change rapidly at all. This book is a great alternative to the multitude of expensive textbooks which keep repeating pretty much the same content.

It took me some time to get used to the style in which this book is written. But this could simply be a manifestation of the fact that as a student I used hardbound texts. My students seemed comfortable reading it online. However, many of them performed badly in the course.

I don't think it is the textbook's fault, but I will reserve my judgement till I have tried this book in future semesters. Of course in physics, concepts build off of each other. A certain amount of dependency is unavoidable. The order in which physics topics are introduced seem to be consistent among most of the texts available in the market. This text pretty much follows the same order.

I personally like printed copies of physics texts because I can focus on the text and not get distracted by the side navigation bar. Also, I find it difficult to scroll up and down while working out problems and exercises. However, all these issues can be solved by printing this out as a pdf. So, I wouldn't hold this against this book. Next time I adopt this book, I would make a "sub textbook" by collating and printing only the pages I need.

The major mistake I made was to assign online readings: the students got confused and side tracked by extraneous concepts which were not relevant to what I was trying to say in the class. With this modification, I believe that OpenStax Physics can be a great book to teach algebra based science to non-majors. The OpenStax textbook coverage of content for a one-year algebra-based physics course exceeds standard textbooks that I have recently used.

Because I have many biology majors in my physics course that are headed into medical or physical therapy Because I have many biology majors in my physics course that are headed into medical or physical therapy careers, I always use books that include reasonable coverage of atomic and nuclear physics to support their understanding of imaging processes.

This text has even more detail in those areas than other texts that I have been using. In addition to the textbook, I have been evaluating other instructor resources provided by OpenStax.

I will provide feedback about two that I have explored. I am very pleased with the Concept Trailers. These short videos are well done and can easily augment class presentations and may be viewed by students outside of class as well.

PowerPoint slides are provided. They are primarily images from the textbook, and that is exactly what I like to have available as I plan presentations and sample problems. Furthermore, I am very pleased that I can edit these slides. In addition to the free resources listed above, OpenStax has various partner resources listed on the website.

I am interested in utilizing web-based homework systems. Both systems provide access to all the problems in the OpenStax Physics textbook. I am very pleased with the clear, classic diagrams. Some medical examples may become dated. The atomic and nuclear physics portions are most prone to needing updating. Internal consistency seems satisfactory.

For example, the list shows that the Greek letter alpha can represent angular acceleration, alpha decay, or temperature coefficients of resistivity. I think students will find this list of variables very helpful. It is also a quick way for me to check on the notation as I am adapting to this textbook. I am considering using portions of the OpenStax Physics text for my general education conceptual physics course. I may create a customized version for that course.

The organization structure is satisfactory. I am pleased that images are provided in PowerPoint slides that are customizable. I am very pleased that the textbook is available as a Web version, a downloadable pdf version, and in print. The print copy is very heavy! On the web version, the glossary and problems are at the end of each section. On the pdf version and the print version the glossary and problems are at the end of each chapter. The details of Gravitation, Simple Harmonic Motion and Fluid Mechanics are developed in the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth chapters.

The sixteenth and seventeenth chapters focus on Sound Waves and Light Waves while the eighteenth chapter stresses on the Geometrical Optics. The nineteenth chapter elaborates on Optical Instruments and Dispersion and Spectra, Speed of Light and Photo metry is discussed in the twentieth, twenty-first and twenty-second chapter.

Total books Concept of Physics Part-1 Session by H. Physics revision notes of Current Electricity. Physics revision notes of Magnetism. Physics revision notes of Magnetic Effect of Electric Current. Physics revision notes of Electromagnetic Induction. Physics revision notes of Alternating Current. Physics revision notes of Semiconductors. Physics revision notes of Communication Technology. However the minimum gap size setting is the more powerful one. The fact is that the Flow Simulation mesh is constructed so that the specified Level of initial mesh controls the minimum number of mesh cells per minimum gap size.

And this number is equal to or greater than the number of mesh cells generated per minimum wall thickness. That's why even if you have a thin solid feature inside the flow region it is not necessary to specify minimum wall thickness if it is greater than or equal to the minimum gap size. Specifying the minimum wall thickness is necessary if you want to resolve thin walls smaller than the smallest gap. Click OK. It will take a few minutes to calculate this problem on a typical PC.

The goal-oriented philosophy of Flow Simulation allows you to get the answers you need in the shortest amount of time. For example, if you were only interested in the temperature of fluid in the enclosure, Flow Simulation would have provided the result more quickly then if the solver was allowed to fully con- verge on all of the parameters. An Excel spreadsheet with the goal results will be open.

The first sheet will show a table summarizing the goals. Enclosure Assembly. The percentage of the goal's convergence criterion dispersion to the goal's real dispersion over the analysis interval is shown in the goal's convergence progress bar when the goal's real dispersion becomes equal or smaller than the goal's convergence criterion dispersion, the progress bar is replaced by word "Achieved".

Naturally, if the goal's real dispersion oscillates, the progress bar oscillates also, moreover, when a hard problem is solved, it can noticeably regress, in particular from the "achieved" level. The calculation can finish if the iterations in travels required for finishing the calculation have been performed, or if the goal convergence criteria are satisfied before performing the required number of iterations.

You can specify other finishing conditions at your discretion. To analyze the results in more detail let us use the various Flow Simulation results processing tools. The best method for the visualization of how the fluid flows inside the enclosure is to create flow trajectories.

If you select Color then all flow trajectories will have a fixed color specified by you. Right-click the Flow Trajectories 1 item and select Hide. Let us now examine the velocity distribution in more detail.

The specified values produce a palette where it is easier to determine the value. Let us now look at the fluid temperature. The vectors whose velocity exceeds the specified Max value will have the same length as the vectors whose velocity is equal to Max.

Likewise, the vectors whose velocity is less than the specified Min value will have the same length as the vectors whose velocity is equal to Min.

Right-click the Cut Plot 1 item and select Hide. Let us now display solid temperature. You can view and analyze the results further with the post-processing tools that were shown in the Ball Valve Design tutorial. Flow Simulation allows you to quickly and easily investigate your design both quantitatively and qualitatively.

Quantitative results such as the maximum temperature in the component, pressure drop through the cabinet, and air temperature rise will allow you to determine whether the design is acceptable or not.

By viewing qualitative results such as air flow patterns, and heat conduction patterns in the solid, Flow Simulation gives you the necessary insight to locate problem areas or weaknesses in your design and provides guidance on how to improve or optimize the design.

When designing an automobile catalytic converter, the engineer faces a compromise between minimizing the catalyst's resistance to the exhaust flow while maximizing the catalyst's internal surface area and duration that the exhaust gases are in contact with that surface area.

Therefore, a more uniform distribution of the exhaust mass flow rate over the catalyst's cross sections favors its serviceability. The porous media capabilities of Flow Simulation are used to simulate each catalyst, which allows you to model the volume that the catalyst occupies as a distributed resistance instead of discretely modeling all of the individual passages within the catalyst, which would be impractical or even impossible. Here, as a Flow Simulation tutorial example we consider the influence of the catalysts' porous medium permeability type isotropic and unidirectional media of the same resistance to flow on the exhaust mass flow rate distribution over the catalysts' cross sections.

We will observe the latter through the behavior of the exhaust gas flow trajectories distributed uniformly over the model's inlet and passing through the porous catalysts. Additionally, by coloring the flow trajectories by the flow velocity the exhaust gas residence time in the porous catalysts can be estimated, which is also important from the catalyst effectiveness viewpoint. Outlet 2 In the Open dialog box, browse to the Porous catalysts Catalyst.

Alternatively, you can drag and drop the Catalyst. Once inside the Wizard , select Create new in order to create a new configuration and name it Isotropic.

Except for two steps steps to define the project fluids and default solid , each step has some pre-defined values, so you can either accept these values skipping the step by clicking Next or modify them to your needs.

These pre-defined settings are: unit system — SI, analysis type — internal, no additional physical capabilities are considered, wall condition — adiabatic wall initial conditions — pressure - 1 atm, temperature - Click Finish in the Navigator panel.

In the Flow Simulation Analysis tree, right-click the Computational Domain icon and select Hide to hide the black wireframe box. Now we can specify porous media in this project. You can skip the definition of porous material and select the pre-defined "Isotropic" material from the Engineering database when you will assign the porous material to a component later in this tutorial.

Double-click the empty cells to set the corresponding property values. The Comment property is optional, you can leave this field blank.

The porosity will govern the exhaust flow velocity in the porous medium channels, which, in turn, governs the exhaust gas residence in the porous catalyst and, therefore, the catalyst efficiency. Then, as an alternative, we will consider a Unidirectional permeability, i. Click the button to switch to the Tables and Curves tab.

Now we will apply the specified porous medium to the model components representing the porous bodies. Note that a porous medium is applied only to a component that is not treated by Flow Simulation as a solid body. By default, all the components in the assembly considered are treated as solids. If there is a component that is not supposed to be treated as solid, you have to disable it in the Component Control dialog box. Components are automatically disabled when you assign a porous media to them by creating the Porous Medium condition, so you do not need to disable them manually.

If you skipped the definition of porous medium, use the Isotropic material available under Pre-Defined. This goal can be viewed as equation goal during the calculation and while displaying results in the same way as the other goals. You can also use constants in the definition of the equation goal.

It appears in the Expression box. If the constants in the expression represent some physical parameters i. Flow Simulation has no information about the physical meaning of the constants you use, so you need to specify the Equation Goal dimensionality by yourself.

The new Equation Goal 1 item appears in the tree. After the calculation has finished, close the Monitor dialog box. An Excel spreadsheet with the goal results will open. The first sheet will contain a table presenting the final values of the goal. You can see that the total pressure drop is about Pa. This selects the inner face of the inlet lid. To see trajectories inside the porous media we will apply some transparency to the model. This is the picture you will see.

To compare the effectiveness of a unidirectional porous catalyst to an isotropic catalyst, let us calculate the project with a porous medium of unidirectional type. You can skip this step and select the pre-defined "Unidirectional" material from the Engineering database when assigning the porous material to a component later in this tutorial. The new Copy of Isotropic 1 item appears in the list. Now we can apply the new porous medium to the monoliths.

Since all other conditions and goals remain the same, we can start the calculation immediately Comparing the Isotropic and Unidirectional Catalysts When the calculation is finished, create the goal plot for the Equation Goal 1. Comparing the trajectories passing through the isotropic and unidirectional porous catalysts installed in the tube, we can summarize: Due to the asymmetric position of the inlet tube with respect to the larger tube in which the catalyst bodies are installed, the incoming flow is non-uniform.

Since the incoming flow is non-uniform, the flow inside the first catalyst body is non-uniform also. It is seen that the catalyst type isotropic or unidirectional affects both the incoming flow non-uniformity slightly and, more substantially, the flow within the catalysts especially the first catalyst body.

In both the cases the gas stream mainly enters the first catalyst body-closer to the wall opposite to the inlet tube. For the isotropic case, the gas flows into the first body nearer to the wall than for the case of the unidirectional catalyst. As a result, the flow in the initial about one-third of the body length portion of the first catalyst body is noticeably more non-uniform in the isotropic catalyst.

Nevertheless, due to the isotropic permeability, the main gas stream expands in the isotropic catalyst and occupies a larger volume in the next part of the body than in the unidirectional catalyst, which, due to its unidirectional permeability, prevents the stream from expanding. So, the flow in the last two-thirds of the first catalyst body is less non-uniform in the isotropic catalyst.

Since the distance between the two porous bodies installed in the tube is rather small, the gas stream has no time to become more uniform in the volume between the catalyst bodies, although in the unidirectional case a certain motion towards uniformity is perceptible. As a result, the flow non-uniformity occurring at the first catalyst body's exit passes to the second catalyst body.

Then, it is seen that the flow non-uniformity does not change within the second catalyst body. Let us now consider the flow velocity inside the catalyst. This is easy to do since the flow trajectories' colors indicate the flow velocity value in accordance with the specified palette.

To create the same conditions for comparing the flow velocities in the isotropic and unidirectional catalysts, we have to specify the same velocity range for the palette in both the cases, since the maximum flow velocity governing the value range for the palette by default is somewhat different in these cases.

It is seen that, considering the catalyst on the whole, the flow velocities in the isotropic and unidirectional catalysts are practically the same. Therefore, from the viewpoint of gas residence in the catalyst, there is no difference between the isotropic and unidirectional catalysts.

This difference is due to the different flow non-uniformity both in the catalyst bodies and out of them. Being determined, these losses are summed to form the total hydraulic loss.

Generally, there are no problems in engineering practice to determine the friction loss in a piping system since relatively simple formulae based on theoretical and experimental investigations exist. The other matter is the local hydraulic loss or so-called local drag. Here usually only experimental data are available, which are always restricted due to their nature, especially taking into account the wide variety of pipe shapes not only existing, but also advanced and devices, as well as the substantially complicated flow patterns in them.

Flow Simulation presents an alternative approach to the traditional problems associated with determining this kind of local drag, allowing you to predict computationally almost any local drag in a piping system within good accuracy. In the Open dialog box, browse to the Valve. Alternatively, you can drag and drop the Valve.

The local hydraulic loss or drag produced by a ball valve installed in a piping system depends on the valve turning angle or on the minimum flow passage area governed by it.

In order to extract the pure local drag the hydraulic friction loss in the straight pipe of the same length must be subtracted from the measured dynamic head loss. In this example we will obtain pressure loss local drag in the ball valve whose handle is turned by an angle of 40o. The Valve analysis represents a typical Flow Simulation internal analysis. The fluid enters a model at the inlets and exits the model through outlets. To perform an internal analysis all the model openings must be closed with lids, which are needed to specify inlet and outlet flow boundary conditions on them.

In any case, the internal model space filled with a fluid must be fully closed. You simply create lids as additional extrusions covering the openings. In this example the lids are semi-transparent allowing a view into the valve. Then click Check to calculate the fluid and solid volumes of the model.

If the fluid volume is equal to zero, the model is not closed. Click Fluid Volume to see the volume that will be occupied by fluid in the analysis. Uncheck Fluid Volume. Close the Check Geometry dialog box. The first step is to create a new Flow Simulation project. The project wizard guides you through the definition of a new Flow Simulation project.

Each Flow Simulation project is associated with a SolidWorks configuration. You can attach the project either to the current SolidWorks configuration or create a new SolidWorks configuration based on the current one. For this project use the International System SI by default. To disregard closed internal spaces not involved in the internal analysis, you select Exclude cavities without flow conditions.

The Reference axis of the global coordinate system X, Y or Z is used for specifying data in a tabular or formula form in a cylindrical coordinate system based on this axis. This dialog also allows you to specify advanced physical features you may want to take into account heat conduction in solids, gravitational effects, time-dependent problems, surface-to-surface radiation, rotation.

Specify Internal type and accept the other default settings. You can also use the Engineering Database to specify a porous medium. The Engineering Database contains pre-defined unit systems. It also contains fan curves defining volume or mass flow rate versus static pressure difference for selected industrial fans. You can easily create your own substances, units, fan curves or specify a custom parameter you want to visualize. For this project accept the default Adiabatic wall feature denoting that all the model walls are heat-insulated.

For steady internal problems, the specification of these values closer to the expected flow field will reduce the analysis convergence time. For unsteady transient, or time-dependent problems Flow Simulation marches in time for a period you specify. For this project use the default values. For this project accept the default result resolution level 3. However, this information may be insufficient to recognize relatively small gaps and thin model walls.

This may cause inaccurate results. In these cases, the Minimum gap size and Minimum wall thickness have to be specified manually. The higher the Result Resolution, the finer the mesh and the stricter the convergence criteria. Geometry Resolution specified through the minimum gap size and the minimum wall thickness governs proper resolution of geometrical model features by the computational mesh. Naturally, finer Geometry Resolution requires more computer resources.

You also can use the Flow Simulation Analysis tree to modify or delete the various Flow Simulation features. At the same time, a computational domain appears in the SolidWorks graphics area as a wireframe box. The next step is specifying Boundary Conditions. Boundary Conditions are used to specify fluid characteristics at the model inlets and outlets in an internal flow analysis or on model surfaces in an external flow analysis.

The selected face appears in the Faces to Apply the Boundary Condition list. This will simulate water flow entering the valve with the velocity of 1. The Boundary Condition dialog appears with the selected face in the Faces to apply the boundary condition list. The specification of boundary conditions is incorrect if the total mass flow rate on the inlets is not equal to the total mass flow rate on the outlets.

In such case the calculation will not start. Also, note that the mass flow rate value is recalculated from the velocity or volume flow rate value specified on an opening. To avoid problems with specifying boundary conditions, we recommend that you specify at least one Pressure opening condition since the mass flow rate on a Pressure opening is automatically calculated to satisfy the law of conservation of mass.

By specifying this condition we define that at the ball valve pipe exit the water has a static pressure of 1 atm. The easiest and fastest way to find the parameter of interest is to specify the corresponding engineering goal.

Now the Flow Simulation project is ready for the calculation. Flow Simulation will finish the calculation when the steady-state average value of total pressure calculated at the valve inlet and outlet are reached.

The Run dialog box appears. Flow Simulation automatically generates a computational mesh by dividing the computational domain into slices, which are further subdivided into cells. The cells are refined if necessary to resolve the model geometry properly. During the mesh generation process, you can see the current step in the Mesh Generation dialog box.

Monitoring the Solver After the calculation starts, the Solver Monitor dialog provides you with the current status of the solution. You can also monitor the goal changes and view preliminary results at selected planes. In the bottom pane of the Info window Flow Simulation notifies you if inappropriate results may occur.

In this case the vortex is broken into incoming and outgoing flow components. When flow both enters and exits an opening, the accuracy of the results is diminished. Moreover, there is no guarantee that convergence i. Anyway, in case a vortex crosses a pressure opening the obtained results become suspect. If this warning persists we should stop the calculation and lengthen the ball valve outlet pipe to provide more space for development of the vortex.

Since the warning persists, click File, Close to terminate the calculation and exit the Solver Monitor. You can easily extend the ball valve inlet and outlet sections by changing offset distance for the Inlet Plane and Outlet Plane features. Instead, we will simply clone the project to the pre-defined 40 degrees - long valve configuration. Confirm the both warning messages with Yes. The new Flow Simulation project, attached to the 40 degrees - long valve configuration, has the same settings as the old one attached to the 40 degrees - short valve so you can start the calculation immediately.

In the Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click the root 40 degrees - long valve item and select Run. Then click Run to start the calculation.

When the calculation is finished, close the Solver Monitor dialog box. Let us now see the vortex notified by Flow Simulation during the calculation, as well as the total pressure loss. The Cut Plot dialog box appears. To define the view section, you can use SolidWorks planes or model planar faces with the additional shift if necessary.

The parameter values can be represented as a contour plot, as isolines, as vectors, or in a combination e. Its name appears in the Section Plane or Planar Face list. However, the cut plot cannot be seen through the non-transperent model.

In order to see the plot, you can hide the model by clicking Flow Simulation, Results, Display, Geometry. Alternatively, you can use the standard SolidWorks Section View option. Now you can see a contour plot of the velocity and the velocity vectors projected on the plot. For better visualization of the vortex you can scale small vectors: 9 In the Flow Simulation Analysis tree, right-click the Cut Plot 1 icon and select Edit Definition.

This allows us to visualize the low velocity area in more detail. Immediately the cut plot is updated. You can easily visualize the vortex by displaying the flow relative to the X axis. For that, you can display the x-component of velocity in a two-color palette and set the value, separating two colors, at zero. Now the distribution of the Velocity X parameter is displayed in red-blue palette so that all the positive values are in red and all the negative values are in blue.

This means that the blue area show the region of reverse flow, i. Next, we will display the distribution of total pressure within the valve. To enable or disable a certain physical parameter for displaying, use Customize Parameter List. In the opened dialog box, change the visualization parameter to Total Pressure. This will update the current cut plot to display the total pressure contour plot. While the cut plot shows you the flow pattern, we will use the surface goal plot to determine the inlet and outlet values of total pressure required to calculate the loss.

Flow Simulation uses Excel to display goal plot data. Each goal plot is displayed in a separate sheet. The converged values of all project goals are displayed in the Summary sheet of an automatically created Excel workbook. Click View, Display, Section View to hide the section. The Goal Plot dialog box appears. The Goals1 Excel workbook is created. This workbook displays how the goal changed during the calculation. See section I. Problem 2eT:. Suppose you selected two widely separated dots on the ticker tape assembled in part B.

What would Book Details This landmark book presents a series of physics tutorials designed by a leading physics education research group. See examples below:. The second diagram at right shows the positions of spaceships A, B, and the shuttle at time ti in Describe the motions of block A, block B, and the rope.

Draw separate free-body diagrams for each block and for the spring immediately after release A T-shaped board of uniform mass density has two small holes as shown. Initially, the pivot is A small portion near the center of a large thin conducting plait is shown magnified at right.

A capacitor is connected to a battery, bulb, and switch as shown. Assume that the switch has been On an enlargement of the figure below, sketch field lines representing the magnetic field of the bar The resistance of loop 2 is greater than that loop l. The loop are made from different materials. Shown below are mathematical and pictorial representation of an electromagnetic plane wave The diagram at right illustrates what an observer sees when looking at two boxes on a large table